Approximately 75% of primary tumors are benign and 50–75% of these are atrial myxomas. The benign tumors include rhabdomyomas, fibromas, papillary fibroelastomas, hemangiomas, pericardial cysts ...

Rheumatic valvular heart disease is the most common cause; however, carcinoid heart disease, connective tissue disorders (lupus) and cardiac tumors such as right atrial myxomas can cause tricuspid ...

Platypnea occurs in settings including pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (hepatopulmonary syndrome) and left atrial myxoma ... stenosis is a candidate for percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy.