By converting their data into sounds, scientists discovered how hydrogen bonds contribute to the lightning-fast gyrations that transform a string of amino acids into a functional, folded protein.

Charged amino acid side chains can form ionic bonds, and polar amino acids are capable of forming hydrogen bonds ... which they do with their particular side chains. Because of side chain ...

In the research arena, it will now be possible to measure the contribution of base stacking to fidelity in the absence of hydrogen bonding. This information can yield potentially new insights into ...