In a trophic cascade, predators induce effects that cascade down the food chain and affect biomass of organisms at least two links away (Ricklefs 2008). Nelson Hairston, Frederick Smith and Larry ...

Types of Food Webs and How to Construct Them Connectivity ... consumer can be determined by following the longest feeding chain, trophic position for that same consumer can be calculated as ...

Remember, food chains do not show the number of organisms at each trophic level. Pyramids of number are not always perfect pyramids because of large organisms at the bottom and small ones at the top.

Here is a pyramid of biomass that represents this food chain. Scientists measured the biomass of each trophic level of this food chain. Their values are recorded in the table below.

Adding to the body of scientific literature on the fast escalating antibiotic resistance crisis is a study published by ...