While we typically think of plants as passive organisms ... fascinating flesh-eating flora hold the key to understanding how defense mechanisms can evolve into deadly weapons?

At the level of the individual, the prey organism ... herbivore and the plant species it eats. For example, to reduce the damage done by herbivores, plants have evolved defenses, including thorns ...

The plant is positively affected by the decrease in herbivory caused by a predator reducing herbivore numbers. Indirect Defense: Indirect defense occurs when a non-prey species leads to the ...