Chronic heart failure occurs when either the ... congestion with orthopnea (dyspnea while laying flat) or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND). Systemic venous congestion may also lead to hepatic ...
CHEST discomfort associated with paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea is frequently quite distressing ... These patients were known to have left-sided heart failure and, in most cases, right-sided ...
Symptoms of acute left heart failure occur and include severe dyspnea even at rest, orthopnea, and PND. Hypotension and shock may occur.