A number of procedures like percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), nephrostomy, stent placement, stone extraction and tumor ablation require fluoroscopy machine in the operating room. Due to the ...

In a sterile giant hydronephrosis, the options include observation, nephrectomy and, occasionally, internal ureteric stent or nephrostomy for patients unfit for surgery. Nephrectomy is advised for ...

A 7–14 Fr endopyelotomy stent was then placed, with the larger segment across the stricture site (Figure 4). The nephrostomy was removed the following day. The patient returned for removal of ...