The set of protocols used in a communications network. A protocol stack is a prescribed hierarchy of software layers, starting from the application layer at the top (the source of the data being ...

The Internet Protocol (IP) is part of the TCP/IP protocol suite, and the terms "IP network" and "TCP/IP network" are synonymous. The Internet uses a packet-switched architecture, in which data are ...

Furthermore, a processor was needed to implement the network stack. Now, with the existing FPGA (Field- Programmable Gate Array) technology it is feasible to implement an application-tailored subset ...

It is very important that the design aspects of the NB-IoT device protocol stack ensure low module cost and low energy consumption. This is required to match the industry expected module costs. This ...