Climate and Earth system modelling is the use of mathematical representations of key components and properties of the atmosphere, ocean and biosphere to construct computer models. These models ...

Earth system models (ESMs ... ESMs are composed of model components that simulate individual parts of the climate system (such as the atmosphere, ocean, land, and sea ice) and the exchange ...

Plate tectonics give Earth its mountains, earthquakes, continental drift and maybe even helped give rise to life itself. But ...

However, other components of the Earth system also play important roles in determining if any given intervention will cause the planet to warm more or less. One such component is known as "albedo." ...